75% of all the stars in the Universe are smaller and less massive than the Sun. Most of the others are similar in size and mass to the Sun, or maybe a little larger. But there are some very rare stars out there that are much larger and more massive than our Sun; these are the giant stars.
Blue Giant Stars
The color of a star depends on its temperature. The coolest stars are red, while the hottest stars are blue. And the temperature of a star depends entirely on its mass. If a star has enough mass, it will have a surface temperature greater than about 10,000 Kelvin and shine with a blue color. The largest and hottest stars in the Universe are these blue giant stars.
The color of a star depends on its temperature. The coolest stars are red, while the hottest stars are blue. And the temperature of a star depends entirely on its mass. If a star has enough mass, it will have a surface temperature greater than about 10,000 Kelvin and shine with a blue color. The largest and hottest stars in the Universe are these blue giant stars.
A familiar example is
the blue
giant star Rigel, located in
the constellation of Orion, located about 700 to 900 light years away. Rigel
contains 17 times the mass of the Sun, and shines with 40,000 times the
luminosity of the Sun. This is enough energy for Rigel to light up dust clouds
in its vicinity.
Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/25134/giant-stars/#ixzz29oiIqk8EAn even more extreme example is the blue hypergiant Eta Carinae, located about 8,000 light years away. Eta Carinae is a monster, estimated to have more than 100 times the mass of the Sun. It’s burning fuel at such a tremendous rate that it puts out 4 million times as much energy as the Sun, with a surface temperature of 40,000 Kelvin. Astronomers expect Eta Carinae to detonate as a supernova in a few hundred thousand years.
Blue giant stars are
giant because they have many times the mass of the Sun.
Red Giant Stars
On the other end of the spectrum are the red giant stars. While blue is the hottest color of stars, red is the coolest color they can have. A red giant is born when a star like our Sun reaches the end of its life and runs out of hydrogen fuel in its core. This forces the star to begin nuclear fusion with helium, increase in luminosity and bloat up many times its original size. When our Sun becomes a red giant, it will expand to consume the orbits of the inner planets, including Mercury, Venus and Earth.
On the other end of the spectrum are the red giant stars. While blue is the hottest color of stars, red is the coolest color they can have. A red giant is born when a star like our Sun reaches the end of its life and runs out of hydrogen fuel in its core. This forces the star to begin nuclear fusion with helium, increase in luminosity and bloat up many times its original size. When our Sun becomes a red giant, it will expand to consume the orbits of the inner planets, including Mercury, Venus and Earth.
So, regular stars become
regular red giants. But there are even larger red giants out there; the red
supergiants. These are massive stars with more than 20 times the mass of the
Sun. They enter the red giant phase of stellar
evolution, but instead of merely
expanding to the orbit of the Earth, they can expand to more than 1,500 times
the radius of the Sun. Imagine a star that extended out past the orbit of
Saturn.
We have written many
articles about stars here on Universe Today. Here’s an article about the biggest
star in the Universe, and here’s an article
about a planet
surviving when its star became a red giant.
If you’d like more
information on stars, check out Hubblesite’s
News Releases about Stars,
and here’s the stars
and galaxies homepage.
We have recorded several
episodes of Astronomy Cast about stars. Here are two that
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Sun-like Stars
(Up to 1.5 times the mass of the Sun) |
Huge Stars
(From 1.5 to 3 times the mass of the Sun) |
Giant Stars
(Over 3 times the mass of the Sun) |
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THE LIFE CYCLE OF STARS
Stars are born in nebulae. Huge clouds of dust and gas collapse under gravitational forces, forming protostars. These young stars undergo further collapse, forming main sequence stars.
Stars expand as they grow old. As the core runs out of hydrogen and then helium, the core contacts and the outer layers expand, cool, and become less bright. This is a red giant or a red super giant (depending on the initial mass of the star). It will eventually collapse and explode. Its fate is determined by the original mass of the star; it will become either a black dwarf, neutron star, or black hole.
Below: Winter Circle (note star color):
Capella is yellow. Aldebaran is orange. Betelgeuse is red. Rigel is blue. Sirius is blue-white
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The Zodiac
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The Zodiac is a family
of constellations that lie along the ecliptic (the plane in which most of our Solar System
lies). Usually, 12 constellations are listed in the Zodiac, but there is
actually a thirteenth constellation that crosses the ecliptic, Ophiuchus
(between Scorpio and Sagittarius).
The 12 Constellations of
the Zodiac
Aquarius, the water
bearer
Aries, the ram
Cancer, the crab
Capricorn, the goat
Gemini, the twins
Leo, the lion
Libra, the scales
Pisces, the fish
Sagittarius, the archer
Scorpius, the scorpion
Taurus, the bull
Virgo, the virgin
Aries, the ram
Cancer, the crab
Capricorn, the goat
Gemini, the twins
Leo, the lion
Libra, the scales
Pisces, the fish
Sagittarius, the archer
Scorpius, the scorpion
Taurus, the bull
Virgo, the virgin
The Constellations of
the Zodiac:
 ARIES [Abbreviation: Ari] Aries (the ram) is a constellation of the zodiac located along the ecliptic between Pisces and Taurus. This tiny, faint constellation is seen just north of the ecliptic. The brightest star in Aries (Alpha Ari) is Hamal, the second-brightest star (Beta Ari) is Sharatan, the third-brightest star (Gamma 2 Ari) is Mesarthim, and the fourth-brightest is Botein (Delta Ari). |
 TAURUS [Abbreviation: Tau] Taurus (the bull) is a constellation of the zodiac. This constellation is seen along the ecliptic between Aries and Gemini. The brightest star (Alpha Tau) in Taurus is Aldebaran, which is one of the bull's eyes (Aldebaran is the 13th brightest star in the sky). The second-brightest star in Taurus (Beta Tau) is Alnath, the third brightest (Gamma Tau) is Hyadum I. |
 GEMINI [Abbreviation: Gem] Gemini (also known as "The Twins") is one of the constellations of the zodiac, located along the ecliptic between Taurus and Cancer. The brightest stars in Gemini are Castor (a sextuple star - three double stars) and Pollux (a 1st magnitude yellow star). The star cluster M30 is in Gemini. The open cluster M35 also is located in Gemini. The Geminid meteor shower seems to radiate from Gemini. |
 CANCER [Abbreviation: Cnc] Cancer (the crab) is a very faint constellation of the zodiacthat is shaped like a crab. Cancer is seen along the ecliptic and is located between Leo and Gemini. At the center of the crab's shell is a huge open cluster, the Beehive cluster, also known as Praesepe (M44). The open cluster M67 is nearby. The brightest star in Cancer is Acubens (meaning claw); the second-brightest is Al Tarf (meaning tip). |
 LEO [Abbreviation: Leo] Leo (the lion) is a constellation of the zodiac that is shaped like a lion. Leo is seen along the Milky Way in the Northern Hemisphere along the ecliptic between Virgo and Cancer. The brightest star (Alpha Leo) in Leo is Regulus (meaning "little king"). The second-brightest star (Beta Leo) is Denebola (meaning "tail of the lion"), and the third-brightest star (Gamma 1 Leo) is Algieba (meaning "forehead"). The spiral galaxies M65, M66, M95, M96, and the elliptical galaxy M105 are nearby. |
 VIRGO [Abbreviation: Vir] Virgo (the virgin) is a constellation of the zodiac. It is located along the ecliptic between Leo and Libra. Virgo is seen along the ecliptic. The brightest star in Virgo is Spica (meaning "ear of wheat"). Virgo is the second-largest constellation (of the 88 constellations), after Hydra. |
 LIBRA [Abbreviation: Lib] Libra (the balance) is a constellation of the zodiac. Libra is seen along the ecliptic between Virgo and Scorpius. The brightest star (Alpha 2 Lib) in Libra is Zuben Elgenubi, the second-brightest star (Beta Lib) is Zuben Elschemali, the third-brightest star (Gamma Lib) is Zuben Elakrab, and the fourth-brightest star (Delta Lib) is Zuben Elakribi |
 SCORPIUS [Abbreviation: Sco] Scorpius (the scorpion) is a constellation of the zodiac. This constellation is seen along the ecliptic between Libra and Sagittarius. The brightest star in Scorpius is Antares, a red supergiant star that is about 500 light-years away from Earth and is about 230 times as big as the Sun. The second-brightest (Beta 1 Sco) is Graffias. |
 SAGITTARIUS [Abbreviation: Sgr] Sagittarius is the ninth constellation of the zodiac. To the ancients, it represented a centaur (half-man, half-horse) archer who was aiming at the Scorpion (the next constellation) which bit Orion. Its central section (the archer's chest) also resembles a teapot. The center of the Milky Way Galaxy is in the direction of Sagittarius. Many meteor showers, including the Sagittariids, seem to radiate from Sagittarius. The brightest star in Sagittarius (Alpha Sgr) is Rukbat (which means "knee" in Arabic). |
 AQUARIUS [Abbreviation: Aqr] Aquarius (the water bearer) is a constellation of the zodiac. This faint constellation is seen along the ecliptic. The sun passes through Aquarius from mid-February until mid-March. There are many interesting celestial objects in this large constellation, including globular clusters (M2 and M72), planetary nebulae (NGC 7009 and NGC 7293), the star group M73, a double star (zeta Aqr). Aquarius is the radiant for the meteor showers: March Aquarids, Delta Aquarids, Eta Aquarids, and Iota Aquarids. Alpha Aquarii (the brightest star in Aquarius) is called Sadalmelik (meaning the Lucky One of the King) and beta Aquarii (the second-brightest star in Aquarius) is named Sadalsuud (meaning the Luckiest of the Lucky); they are twin supergiants. |
 PISCES [Abbreviation: Psc] Pisces (the fish) is a faint equatorial constellation of the zodiac. Pisces is seen along the ecliptic between Aries and Aquarius. The brightest star in Pisces (Alpha Psc) is Al Rischa (or Alrisha), the second-brightest-star (Beta Psc) is Fum al Samakah. The spiral galaxy M74 is in Pisces. |
CONSTELLATIONS
A constellation is a
group of stars that, when seen from Earth, form a pattern. The stars in the sky
are divided into 88 constellations.
The brightest
constellation is Crux (the Southern Cross). The constellation with the greatest
number of visible stars in it is Centaurus (the Centaur - with 101 stars). The
largest constellation is Hydra (The Water Snake) which extends over 3.158% of
the sky.
There are also
asterisms, smaller apparent star patterns within a constellation, like the Big Dipper (in Ursa Major), the Little Dipper (in Ursa Minor), Keystone (in Hercules), and the Pleiades (in Taurus).
The 88 Constellations:
The 88 Constellations:
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Aquarius, the water bearer
Aries, the ram Cancer, the crab Capricorn, the goat Gemini, the twins Leo, the lion Libra, the scales Pisces, the fish Sagittarius, the archer Scorpius, the scorpion Taurus, the bull Virgo, the virgin
The Constellations of
the Southern Hemisphere (some are seasonally visible in the Northern
Hemisphere):
Apus, the bird of paradise
Ara, the altar Carina, the ship's keel Centauras, the centaur Chamaeleon, the chameleon Circinus, the compass Crux, the southern cross Dorado, the swordfish Eridanus, the river Grus, the crane Hydrus, the water snake Indus, the Indian Lepus, the rabbit Mensa, the table Musca, the fly Norma, the surveyor's level Octans, the octant Pavo, the peacock Phoenix, the phoenix Pictor, the easel Reticulum, the net Triangulum Australe, the southern triangle Tucana, the toucan Vela, the ship's sails Volans, the flying fish |
The Constellations of
the Northern Hemisphere (some are seasonally visible in the Southern Hemisphere):
Andromeda, the princess
Antlia, the pump Aquila, the eagle Auriga, the chariot driver Bootes, the herdsman Caelum, the chisel Camelopardalis, the giraffe Canes Venatici, the hunting dogs Canis Major, the big dog Canis Minor, the little dog Cassiopeia, the queen Cepheus, the king Cetus, the whale Columba, the dove Coma Berenices, Berenice's hair Corona Australis, the southern crown Corona Borealis, the northern crown Corvus, the crow Crater, the cup Cygnus, the swan Delphinus, the dolphin Draco, the dragon Equuleus, the little horse Fornax, the furnace Hercules, the hero Horologium, the clock Hydra, the water snake Lacerta, the lizard Leo Minor, the little lion Lupus, the wolf Lynx, the lynx Lyra, the harp Microscopium, the microscope Monoceros, the unicorn Ophiuchus, the sepent holder Orion, the hunter Pegasus, the flying horse Perseus, the Medusa killer Pisces Austrinus, the southern fish Puppis, the ship's stern Pyxis, the ship's compass Sagitta, the arrow Sculptor, the sculptor Scutum, the shield Serpens, the snake Sextans, the sextant Telescopium, the telescope Triangulum, the triangle Ursa Major, the big bear Ursa Minor, the little bear Vulpecula, the little fox |
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CONSTELLATION FAMILY There are many families of constellations, constellations that are either close to one another in our view of the sky or have some other relationship (for example, depicting figures from a particular ancient myth). Some constellation families include:
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Some Constellations:
 ANDROMEDA Andromeda (the princess, the daughter of Cassiopeia) is a northern hemisphere constellation. Alpha Andromeda (called Sirrah, meaning "Horse's navel") is the same as Delta Pegasi (from the constellationPegasus). |
AQUARIUS [Abbreviation: Aqr] Aquarius (the water bearer) is a constellation of the zodiac. This faint constellation is seen along theecliptic. The sun passes through Aquarius from mid-February until mid-March. There are many interesting celestial objects in this large constellation, including globular clusters (M2 and M72), planetary nebulae (NGC 7009 and NGC 7293), the star group M73, a double star (zeta Aqr). Aquarius is the radiant for the meteor showers: March Aquarids, Delta Aquarids, Eta Aquarids, and Iota Aquarids. Alpha Aquarii (the brightest star in Aquarius) is called Sadalmelik (meaning the Lucky One of the King) and beta Aquarii (the second-brightest star in Aquarius) is named Sadalsuud (meaning the Luckiest of the Lucky); they are twin supergiants. |
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ARIES [Abbreviation: Ari] Aries (the ram) is a constellation of the zodiac located along the ecliptic between Pisces and Taurus. This tiny, faint constellation is seen just north of the ecliptic. The brightest star in Aries (Alpha Ari) is Hamal, the second-brightest star (Beta Ari) is Sharatan, the third-brightest star (Gamma 2 Ari) is Mesarthim, and the fourth-brightest is Botein (Delta Ari) |
 BIG DIPPER The Big Dipper is a group of 7 stars (it is an asterism and not a constellation) contained in the Northern Hemisphere constellation Ursa major(The Great Bear). |
 BOÖTES Boötes (the herdsman) is a large constellation in the northern hemisphere. The brightest star in Boötes is Arcturus, a red giant that is the fourth brightest star in the sky. |
CANCER [Abbreviation: Cnc] Cancer (the crab) is a very faint constellation of the zodiac that is shaped like a crab. Cancer is seen along the ecliptic and is located between Leo and Gemini. At the center of the crab's shell is a huge open cluster, the Beehive cluster, also known as Praesepe (M44). The open cluster M67 is nearby. The brightest star in Cancer is Acubens (meaning claw); the second-brightest is Al Tarf (meaning tip). |
 CANIS MAJOR Canis major (The Great Dog) is a constellation near Orion. The brightest star in Canis Major (and the brightest star in the sky) is Sirius, also known as the dog star. Canis Major is one of the constellation Orion's hunting dogs (together with Canis Minor). |
 CANIS VENATICI Canes Venatici (The Two Hunting Dogs or greyhounds [of the herdman Boötes]) is a small Northern Hemisphereconstellation near Ursa Major and Boötes. The brightest star in Canis Venatici is Cor Caroli (alpha CVn), a blue-white star (magnitude 2.9) with a companion star (magnitude 5). The Whirlpool Nebula (M51), the Sab galaxy (M94) and the globular cluster M3 (magnitude 6) can be found in Canis Venatici. The Canes Venaticids meteor shower occurs from January 13 - January 30. Canes Venatici was named by the Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius in 1690. |
 CASSIOPEIA Cassiopeia is an easily-seen constellation that is in the far northern sky. It circles the pole star (Polaris) throughout the year and also straddles the Milky Way. The five major stars of Cassiopeia (also known as "The Lady of the Chair") are shaped like a "W" (or an "M," depending on your orientation). All of the stars in Cassiopeia are all less than second magnitude brightness. The brightest star in Cassiopeia is Schedar (alpha CAS), which is a multiple star that is pale rose in color and varies in magnitude from 2.2 to 2.8 magnitudes. The second-brightest, called Caph (beta CAS), is a white star of magnitude 2.4. Cassiopeia contains two open clusters, M52 (magnitude 7.3) and M103 (magnitude 7.4). The strongest radio source, Cassiopeia A, emanates from Cassiopeia; it is the remnant of a supernova which ocurred about A.D. 1660, and is 10,000 light years from us. The constellation Cassiopeia was named for Cassiopeia, the mother of Andromeda (and the wife of Cephus) in Greek mythology. |
 CEPHEUS Cepheus is a house-shaped constellation in the Northern Hemisphere. It is a circumpolar constellation; it never dips under the horizon in the Northern hemisphere. Errai (Gamma Cephei) is a third-magnitude orange subgiant star that will become the Earth's north polar star in 2,000 years. Cepheus is next to the constellations Andromeda and Perseus. Cepheus was named after King Cepheus in Greek mythology, and is abbreviated Cep. |
 CETUS Cetus is a constellation that straddles thecelestial equator. Cetus means whale, and is abbreviated Cet. The first-known variable star Mira, is Omicron Ceti. |
 COLUMBA Columba (the dove, abbreviated Col) is a small constellation in the Southern Hemisphere. This constellation pictures a dove holding an olive branch in its mouth. Columba is a member of the "Heavenly Waters," a family of constellations. Columba was named by the astronomer Bayer, but was populatized by the French astronomerAugustin Royer in 1679 (before that, Colmba's stars have been included in the constellation Canis Major). Alpha Col (the brightest star in Columba) is called Phaet; beta Col (the second-brightest star in Columba) is called Wezn. The globular clusterNGC 1851 and the blue magnitude 5 star (mu Col, a "runaway star") are in Columba. |
 CRUX Crux (or Crux Australis) is the scientific name of the Southern Crossconstellation. This well-known, cross-shaped Southern Hemisphere constellation is on the Australian flag. The brightest star in Crux is Acrux (alpha Cru), a double-star system at the base of the cross. The second-brightest star is Becrux or Mimosa (Beta Cru); the third-brightest is Gacrux (Gamma Cru). The Jewel Box (also known as Kappa Crucis) is an open cluster of about 100 stars in the Southern Cross. Crux lies on the Milky Way and is surrounded by the constellation Centaurus on three sides. |
 CYGNUS Cygnus (the swan) is a constellation that is shaped like a large cross. It is also known as the Northern Cross. It is seen along the Milky Way in the northern hemisphere. At its tail is the very bright star Deneb (alpha Cygni), and at its head is the double star Albireo (beta Cygni). |
 DRACO Draco (from the dragon in Greek mythology) is a constellation in the Northern Hemisphere. It is the radiantof the Quadrantids and Draconids (meteor showers). Draco is near the northern celestial pole; the tail of Draco is between the Big Dipper and the Little Dipper. The brightest star in the Draco is Thuban; it is located in the dragon's tail. (Thuban means "dragon or serpent" in Arabic. Thuban was the Earth's pole star about 5,000 years ago.) The second-brightest star in the Draco is Rastaban (which means "head of the dragon or serpent"). |
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ERIDANUS [Abbreviation: Eri] Eridanus (the River) is a southern constellation that is may have been named for the river Nile, the river Euphrates, or for the river of tears wept by the mythical Heliades. Eridanus is located near the constellations Fornax and Lepus. The brightest star in Eridanus, alpha Eri, is Achernar (meaning "end of the river"); it is the 9th brightest star in the sky (magnitude 0.46). The second-brightest, beta Eri, is Cursa (meaning "chair/footstool of Orion" ). The third-brightest, gamma Eri, is Zaurak (meaning "boat" ). The fourth-brightest, delta Eri, is Rana (meaning "frog" ). The fifth-brightest, zeta Eri, is Zibal (part of the "Ostrich's Nest"). Eridanus was one of the original 48 constellations first noted by Ptolemy |
GEMINI [Abbreviation: Gem] Gemini (also known as "The Twins") is one of the constellations of the zodiac, located along the ecliptic between Taurus and Cancer. The brightest stars in Gemini are Castor (a sextuple star - three double stars) and Pollux (a 1st magnitude yellow star). The open cluster M35 is located in Gemini. The Geminid meteor shower seems to radiate from Gemini. |
 HERCULES Hercules is a Northern Hemisphere constellation that is the fifth largest in the sky. It is named for Hercules, the legendary hero of Greek mythology. The brightest of its rather dim stars is Ras Algethi (alpha Her), a variable red supergiant. The four stars of the central trapezoid within Hercules, epsilon Her, zeta Her, eta Her and pi Her, form the asterism called Keystone. The globular star cluster M13 is located on the western part of the Keystone. The Tau Herculid meteor shower seems to radiate from Hercules. |
LEO [Abbreviation: Leo] Leo (the lion) is a constellation of the zodiac that is shaped like a lion. Leo is seen along the Milky Way in the Northern Hemisphere along the ecliptic between Virgo and Cancer. The brightest star (Alpha Leo) in Leo is Regulus (meaning "little king"). The second-brightest star (Beta Leo) is Denebola (meaning "tail of the lion"), and the third-brightest star (Gamma 1 Leo) is Algieba (meaning "forehead"). The spiral galaxies M65, M66, M95, M96, and the elliptical galaxy M105 are nearby. |
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LIBRA [Abbreviation: Lib] Libra (the balance) is a constellation of the zodiac. Libra is seen along the eclipticbetween Virgo and Scorpius. The brightest star (Alpha 2 Lib) in Libra is Zuben Elgenubi, the second-brightest star (Beta Lib) is Zuben Elschemali, the third-brightest star (Gamma Lib) is Zuben Elakrab, and the fourth-brightest star (Delta Lib) is Zuben Elakribi. |
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ORION Orion, also known as "The Hunter," is a constellation. The brightest stars in Orion areRigel. Betelgeuse, and Bellatrix. The Horsehead Nebula and the nebulae M42 and M43 (called the Orion nebula) are also in this constellation. |
 PEGASUS Pegasus (the flying horse) is a large northern hemisphere constellation. Delta Pegasi is shared with the constellationAndromeda. 51 Pegasi (51 Peg), off the Great Square of Pegasus, is a nearby, Sun-like star that has been found to have an orbiting planet. |
 PERSEUS Perseus is a constellation in the Milky Way in the Northen Hemisphere. It is abbreviated Per. Perseus' major star is alpha Per, called Marfak or Algenib; it is an F5 supergiant. Beta Per is the eclipsing binary Algol. Perseus was a hero in Greek mythology who killed the monstrous Medusa. Each year in August, the Perseid meteor shower radiates from this constellation's northern part. |
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PISCES [Abbreviation: Psc] Pisces (the fish) is a faint equatorial constellation of the zodiac. Pisces is seen along the eclipticbetween Aries and Aquarius. The brightest star in Pisces (Alpha Psc) is Al Rischa (or Alrisha), the second-brightest-star (Beta Psc) is Fum al Samakah. The spiral galaxy M74 is in Pisces. |
SAGITTARIUS [Abbreviation: Sgr] Sagittarius is the ninth constellation of the zodiac. To the ancients, it represented a centaur (half-man, half-horse) archer who was aiming at the Scorpion (the next constellation) which bit Orion. Its central section (the archer's chest) also resembles a teapot. The center of the Milky Way Galaxy is in the direction of Sagittarius. Many meteor showers, including the Sagittariids, seem to radiate from Sagittarius. The brightest star in Sagittarius (Alpha Sgr) is Rukbat (which means "knee" in Arabic). |
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SCORPIUS [Abbreviation: Sco] Scorpius (the scorpion) is a constellation of the zodiac. This constellation is seen along the ecliptic between Libra and Sagittarius. The brightest star in Scorpius is Antares, a red supergiant star that is about 500 light-years away from Earth and is about 230 times as big as the Sun. The second-brightest (Beta 1 Sco) is Graffias. |
SOUTHERN CROSS Crux is the scientific name of the Southern Cross constellation. This well-known, cross-shaped Southern Hemisphere constellation is on the Australian flag. The brightest star in Crux is Acrux, a double-star system at the base of the cross. This constellation lies on the Milky Way and is surrounded by the constellation Centaurus on three sides. It is abbreviated Cru. |
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TAURUS [Abbreviation: Tau] Taurus (the bull) is a constellation of the zodiac. This constellation is seen along the ecliptic between Aries and Gemini. The brightest star (Alpha Tau) in Taurus is Aldebaran, which is one of the bull's eyes (Aldebaran is the 13th brightest star in the sky). The second-brightest star in Taurus (Beta Tau) is Alnath, the third brightest (Gamma Tau) is Hyadum I. |
 URSA MAJOR Ursa major (The Great Bear) is a well-known constellation in the Northern Hemisphere that contains the 7 stars of the Big Dipper. |
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VIRGO [Abbreviation: Vir] Virgo (the virgin) is a constellation of the zodiac. It is located along the ecliptic between Leo and Libra. Virgo is seen along the ecliptic. The brightest star in Virgo is Spica (meaning "ear of wheat"). Virgo is the second-largest constellation (of the 88 constellations), after Hydra. |
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